Five operating elements

Within each system, look through these five elements. Together they help you see what supports the work and where it depends on something fragile:

1. Process — the way work moves, including policy, handoffs, exceptions, and delay.
2. People — roles, judgment, skills, behavior, and accountability.
3. Technology — the systems through which people perform and coordinate work.
4. Data — records, documents, definitions, history, access, and quality.
5. Vendors — outside capabilities, contracts, dependencies, and incentives.

Keep the labels consistent so people can connect their observations across the map. A cell describes part of a business capability; it doesn't create a requirement to buy something.